KISWAHILI Form 4 Topic 3

UHAKIKI WA KAZI ZA FASIHI ANDISHI

Uhakiki wa Ushairi, Tamthiliya na Riwaya

Dhana ya Uhakiki

Fafanua vipengele vya uhakiki

Uhakiki ni kitendo cha kutathmini, kueleza, kuainisha na kutoa maoni juu ya kazi fulani ya fasihi kwa kuongozwa na kaida maalum. Kwa kiwango cha elimu ya sekondari mhakiki anafanya kazi ya uhakiki ili kuonesha mambo yanayojitokeza kama vile, dhamira, migogoro, ujumbe, falsafa, mtazamo, msimamo n.k

Dhima ya Mhakiki na Nafasi ya Mhakiki

Uhakiki ni kazi ambayo ina mchango mkubwa sana katika kazi za fasihi. Kwa msingi huo uhakiki una dhima zifuatazo:

• Husaidia wasomaji kuilewa kazi ya fasihi kwa urahisi;Watunzi wa kazi za fasihi hutofautiana katika matumizi ya lugha na taswira, hivyo mhakiki anapofanya kazi ya uhakiki anamsaidia msomaji kuelewa vipengele hivi kwa kuvifafanua kwa lugha rahisi.
• Husaidia ukuaji wa kazi za fasihi;Mhakiki anapoonesha ubora na udhaifu wa kazi ya mtunzi fulani, watunzi wengine pia watafunguka kifikra na kutunga kazi iliyobora zaidi.
• Uhakiki hukuza uelewa wa mhakiki; Kwa kuhakiki kazi mbalimbali za fasihi, mhakiki hujiongezea maarifa ya lugha pamoja na mambo yanayotokea katika jamii.

Nafasi ya Mhakiki

Mhahiki ana nafasi kubwa katika kazi za fasihi, Mhakaki ndiye anafafanua kazi ya fasihi ili hadhira iweze kumwelewa vizuri mtunzi wa kazi hiyo. Kwa hiyo hapa mhakiki anasaidia kurahisisha mawasiliano kati ya hadhira na mtunzi.

Vilevile mtunzi huwaonyesha watunzi ubora na udhaifu wa kazi zao. Kwa kufanya hivyo huwawezesha watunzi kufanya kazi bora zaidi.

Hatua za Kufuata wakati wa Kufanya Uhakiki

Vilevile mtunzi huwaonyesha watunzi ubora na udhaifu wa kazi zao. Kwa kufanya hivyo huwawezesha watunzi kufanya kazi bora zaidi.

Kwanza ni kuisoma kazi ya fasihi; hapa mhakiki anatakiwa kuisoma kazi husika ya fasihi kwa kina na kuielewa vizuri.

Pili ni kuainisha na kuchambua mambo muhimu yanayojitokeza katika kazi hiyo katika vipengele vya fani na maudhui.

Tatu ni kutoa tathimini au kuelezea ubora na udhaifu wa kazi inayohusika.

UHAKIKI WA MASHAIRI

Shairi ni utungo wa kisanaa wenye mpangilio maalum wa lugha ya mkato unaowasilisha mawazo au ujumbe kuhusu mwanadamu au mazingira yake na hufuata utaratibu fulani.

Mashairi yapo ya aina mbili:

1. Mashairi huru
2. Mashairi ya arudhi

Mashairi ya arudhi

Haya ni mashairi yanayofuata kanuni za kimapokeo au arudhi za utunzi wa mashairi. Arudhi/kanuni hizi ni pamoja na:

1. Kugawika kwa shairi katika beti
2. Beti kuwa na idadi maalum ya mishororo.
3. Mishororo ya ubeti kugawika katika vipande
4. Mishororo kuwa na ulinganifu wa mizani
5. Shairi kuwa na urari wa vina
6. Shairi kuweza kuimbika / kuwa na mahadhi au mapigo.
7. Kuwepo kwa kipokeo katika shairi
8. Kuwa na mtiririko wa mantiki na mawazo au muwala
9. hairi kuwa na utoshelezo wa beti / kujisimamia kimaana.

Mashairi huru

Pia hujulikana kama mashairi ya kimapinduzi. Haya ni mashairi yasiozingatia lazima ya arudhi na hivyo huwa na muundo huru. Sifa zake kuu huweza kuwa:

1. Lugha ya muhtasari
2. Lugha yenye mahadhi
3. Lugha ya kisanii iliyo na mafumbo na taswira
4. Mara nyingine hugawika katika beti.
5. Mishororo kamilifu (inayojitosheleza) na ile isiyo kamilifu (mishata)

Sifa za Mashairi

Mashairi huwa na sifa maalum zinazoyatambulisha kama kazi ya kishairi, yawe ya kimapokeo au kimapinduzi.

Sifa hizi ni kama vile:

1. Mashairi hutumia lugha ya mkato / muhtasari
2. Ni sanaa au kazi iliyobuniwa kwa ufundi
3. Huwa na mpangilio maalum kuanzia mistari hadi beti.
4. Hutumia lugha teule na msamiati teule uliosheheni tamathali, taswira na jazanda.
5. Mashairi huwa na sifa ya kuweza kuimbika hivyo shairi ni wimbo na wimbo ni shairi.

Dhima ya mashairi

1. Kupasha ujumbe kwa hadhira kwa njia ya upole na mvuto
2. Kuelimisha na kuzindua jamii.
3. Kuendeleza na kukuza kipawa cha utunzi.
4. Kuhifadhi msamiati wa lugha ya Kiswahili na Sanaa ya fasihi.
5. Kuburudisha hadhira na wasomaji.
6. Kuwasilisha hisia za ndani za mtu na mawazo

Hatua za uhakiki wa mashairi

1. Soma shairi polepole na kwa makini kupata maana ya jumla.
2. Soma shairi tena kwa utaratibu ukizingatia maneno na vipande mbalimbali na kuchunguza maana ya kila mojawapo
3. Pitia maswali yote kwa makini ukitilia maanani aina ya majibu yanayotarajiwa.
4. Soma shairi tena ukipigia mstari kwa penseli sehemu zinazoelekea kujibu maswali.
5. Toa majibu kamilifu kulingana na swali kwa lugha ya mtiririko.

Vipengee vya Uchambuzi Wa Mashairi

1. Anwani/kichwa cha shairi – Huwa ni muhtasari wa shairi katika neno au sentensi moja. Anwani ni kidokezo muhimu cha kinachozungumziwa katika shairi. Anwani huweza kuwa ya moja kwa moja, fumbo, kinaya, kibwagizo au sehemu ya kibwagizo. Ikiwa shairi halina anwani, basi lipewe anwani inayoafikiana na maudhui au dhamira kwasentensi isiyozidi maneno 6.
2. Maudhui – Haya ni masuala makuu au mambo muhimu yanayohusu mwanadamu au mazingira yake yanayozungumziwa katika shairi. Kwa mfano: malezi, siasa, usalama, unyanyasaji, ufisadi n.k. Maudhui hung’amuliwa kwa wepesi kutokana na kisa kilichomo katika shairi.
3. Dhamira / shabaha - Ni lengo kuu la mshairi katika kusanifu utungo wake. Dhamira ya mtunzi huwa ni ujumbe kwa kifupi anaoutambua msomaji kutokana na mwelekeo wa usemaji wa mtunzi katika shairi. Mfano: Baada ya kusoma shairi, unaweza kung’amua mtunzi alitaka kusisitiza kauli kuwa uongozi mbaya haufai, misitu ni uhai n.k. Dhamira hutokana na mwelekeo wa mawazo ya mshairi au falsafa yake.
4. Mbinu na tamathali za lugha - Ni mbinu za uandishi na tamathali za usemi zilizotumiwa na mshairi katika shairi. Mfano:Mazda / ziada / zidi - kurefusha maneno;enda kuwa enenda. Inksari / muhtasari - Ni kufupisha maneno;aliyefika kuwa alofika. Utohozi – Mbinu ya kugeuza msamiati / maneno ya lugha geni ili yaandikike na kutamkika kana kwamba ni ya Kiswahili. Mfano: Time - taimu; One – Wani. Mbinu hii vilevile huitwa ukopaji au uswahilishaji.

Taarifa Muhimu za Mwandishi wa kila Kitabu

Baini taarifa muhimu za mwandishi wa kila kitabu

Mwandishi wa fasihi ni mtu anaeweza kubuni kazi ya fasihi na kuiweka katika maandishi. Unaposoma kazi za fasihi ni lazima ujue taarifa muhimu za mwandishi wa kazi hiyo, ambazo ni jina, kwa sababu kila utakapokua unajibu swali ni lazima utaje jina la mwandishi wa kitabu. Falsafa na utamaduni kujua msimamo wake, na muundo kujua mpangilio wa matukio, mtindo kujua upekee wake na matumizi ya lugha.

• SOMA TOPIC 4: Kutunga Kazi Za Fasihi Andishi

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.

Multi-choice questions

Things to remember about multi-choice questions

• Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right. Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong, and three or four others that are similar.  It is important to look carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct  answer.
• Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
• Answer all the questions. Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out on a mark.
• When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.

Short answer questions

Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.

• Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
• Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
• Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
• Try to answer all the questions.  If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.

Exam essay questions

The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation

Time allocation

• Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
• Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
• If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.

Task analysis

• Read the question carefully.
• Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
• Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?

Planning

• Take some time to think and plan your answer. For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
  General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning.
• Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
• General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point. Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with examples, explanations, and evidence.

Presentation

• Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
• Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use.  Incoherent sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker not being able to understand your answer properly.
• Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling. Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and markers usually take this into account given that students are writing under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
• Don't waffle. Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.

Problem solving questions

Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.

• Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
• Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
• If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
• Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.