KISWAHILI Form 4 Topic 1

KUONGEZA MSAMIATI WA KISWAHILI

Uundaji wa Maneno

Lugha hukua na kubadilika kila wakati kulingana na maendeleo ya jamii. Kigezo kimojawapo cha kukua na kubadilika kwa lugha ni kuongezeka kwa msamiati. Ili msamiati uongezeke katika lugha sharti maneno mapya yaundwe.

Njia za Uundaji Maneno

Elezea njia mbalimbali za uundaji maneno

Uundaji wa Msamiati hutokea kwa njia mbalimbali zifuatazo:

1. Kubadili mpangilio wa herufi.
2. Kuambatanisha maneno.
3. Kutohoa maneno ya lugha nyingine.
4. Uambishaji wa maneno.
5. Kufanikisha sauti, umbo, mlio na sura.

Kuunda msamiati kwa kubadili mpangilio wa herufi

Neno hujengwa kwa vitamkwa au herufi. Neno jipya lenye maana tofauti huweza kuundwa kwa kubadili mpangilio wa neno lingine

Example 1

Mfano

• Neno lima, lina herufi l, i, m, a, herufi hizi huweza kujenga maneno kama mali, kumi,imla, mila.
• Neno tua lina herufi t, u, a, herufi hizi zina weza kujenga maneno kama:- tatu, tua, viatu, tatua.

Njia ya kuambatanisha maneno

Kuna njia tatu za kuambatanisha meneno

Njia ya kurudufisha au kukariri neno

Mfano; barabara, sawasawa, polepole, katikati, vilevile.

Njia ya uundaji wa Msamiati kwa kuunganisha maneno mawili tofauti

Nomino na Nomino

• Punda + mlia unapata Pundamilia
• Bibi + Shamba unapata Bibishamba
• Afisa + Elimu unapata Afisaelimu
• Mwana + Siasa unapata Mwanasiasa
• Bata + maji unapata Batamaji

Kuunganisha kitenzi na Nomino/Jina

• Changa + moto changamoto
• Chemsha + bongo chemshabongo
• Piga + mbizi pigambizi
• Zima + moto zimamoto

Kuunganisha maneno mawili na kudondosha baadhi ya herufi

Example 2

Mfano

• Baraza la Kiswahili Tanzania BAKITA
• Mzaliwa wa mahali Fulani MZAWA
• Chama cha Mapinduzi CCM
• Nyamamfu NYAMAFU

Kutohoa maneno kutoka lugha nyingine

Kila lugha na tabia ya kuchukua maneno lugha nyingine ili kukidhi mahitaji ya Msamiati. Maneno kutoka lugha nyingine yanapoteuliwa hubadilishwa kimatamshiili ya fuate kanuniza Kiswahili.

Maneno yanayotoholewa kutoka lugha nyingine husanifishwa na asasi za lugha ya Kiswahili ndipo ya ruhusiwe kutumiwa rasmi.

Example 3

Mfano

Neno la Kiswahili	Lugha ya Mwanzo	Neno Lililotoholewa
	Kijerumani	Schule
Salama	Kiarabu	Salaam
Duka	Kihindi	Dukan
Karoti	Kiingereza	Carrot
Shati	Kiingereza	Shirt
Picha	Kiingereza	Picture
Papai	Kihispania	Papaya
Meza	Kireno	Mezi
Shukrani	Kiarabu	Shukran
Ngeli	Kihaya	Engeli
Ikulu	Kinyamwezi	Ikulu
Ng'atuka	Kizanaki	Ng'atuka
Ndafu	Kichaga	Ndafu
Namba

Kuunda maneno kwa njia ya uambishaji wa maneno

Hii ni njia ya kubandika viambishi awali na tamati kwe nyekiini. Ujenzi wa maneno hutokana na mzizi mmoja kuonesha maana tofauti ingawa maana zina husiana.

Mfano mzizi: -lim-.Tukipachika viambishi awali na tamati tunapata maneno kama lima, analima, walilima, kilimo, limiana,halitalimwa na ukulima.

Kufananisha sauti, sura au tabia

Example 4

Mfano

• Kengele - utokana na sauti ya kengele inapo pigwa
• Pikipiki - hutokana na muungurumo wa pikipiki
• Ndizi mkono wa tembo – Ndizi inayo fananishwa na mkono wa mnyama tembo
• Chubwi - Jiwe au chura atumbukiapo katika kina cha maji.

Mazingira yanayoelezea Kuhitaji Maneno Mapya

Elezea mazingira yanayoelezea kuhitaji maneno mapya

Mabadiliko mengi yanatokea kila siku katika nyanja mbalimbali za kimaisha-mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, kisiasa, kisayansi na kiteknolojia. Katika mazingira kama haya, watu watahitaji kuwasiliana, lugha itahitaji kuunda maneno ili kuwasilisha dhana mpya zilizoibuka. Kwa mfano, maneno kama vile nywila, kisakuzi, udukuzi, puku, talakirishi n.k yameundwa ili kuwasilisha dhana za kiteknoljia kwa Kiswahili.

Undaji wa Maneno katika Miktadha mbalimbali

Unda maneno katika miktadha mbalimbali

Mabadiliko ya kimaendeleo yanafanya lugha ihitaji maneno ya kuyafikisha na kutumiwa na jamii. Ili kukidhi mahitaji hayo, maneno mapya yanazuka. Maneno hayo yanaweza kuwa katika fani mbalimbali, kama vile sayansi na teknolojia, siasa, utamaduni na uchumi kulingana na mkondo wa maendeleo. Mfano wa msamiati ni kama vile fedha, ushuru, kumpyuta, ukoloni, hospitali, suruali n.k

Activity 1

Unda maneno katika miktadha mbalimbali

• SOMA TOPIC 2: Ukuaji Na Ueneaji Wa Kiswahili Enzi Ya Waingereza Na Baada Ya Uhuru

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.

Multi-choice questions

Things to remember about multi-choice questions

• Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right. Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong, and three or four others that are similar.  It is important to look carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct  answer.
• Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
• Answer all the questions. Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out on a mark.
• When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.

Short answer questions

Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.

• Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
• Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
• Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
• Try to answer all the questions.  If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.

Exam essay questions

The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation

Time allocation

• Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
• Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
• If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.

Task analysis

• Read the question carefully.
• Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
• Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?

Planning

• Take some time to think and plan your answer. For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
  General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning.
• Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
• General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point. Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with examples, explanations, and evidence.

Presentation

• Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
• Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use.  Incoherent sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker not being able to understand your answer properly.
• Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling. Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and markers usually take this into account given that students are writing under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
• Don't waffle. Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.

Problem solving questions

Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.

• Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
• Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
• If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
• Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.