UTUNGAJI WA KAZI ZA FASIHI ANDISHI
Mikondo ya Hadithi
Pambanua mikondo ya uandishi wa hadithi
Kazi za fasihi andishi ni sanaa, yaani zinahitaji ubunifu wa mwandishi ili ziwe katika mwonekanao huo wa kisanaa. Fasihi andishi hutumia lugha na wala sio lugha tu bali lugha ya kisanaa, kama tulivyokwishaona katika mada zilizotangulia kwamba lugha ni kipengele muhimu sana katika fasihi. Ili kazi ya kifasihi ya msanii husika iwe nzuri na ya kuvutia, masanii hana budi kuwa na ubunifu wa hali ya juu katika kutumia lugha.
Msanii awe na uwezo wa kupangilia maneno, kuteua maneno katika hali ya ujumi lakini pia yakiwa yamebeba ujumbe unaoigusa hadhira yake. Kwa maana hii mwandshi wa kazi za kifasihi, iwe riwaya au tamthilia ni lazima azingatie sana lugha, kwani lugha ndio nyenzo kuu ya usanaa wa fasihi kwa ujumla.
Kuna hatua kadhaa za kuzingatia wakati wa kuandika kazi ya kisanaa, hatua hizo ni kama zifuatazo:
  • Kuwa na kisa/wazo unalotaka kuliandikia:Katika jamii kuna mambo mengi sana yanayotendeka, msanii anaweza kupata wazo la kiubunifu kutokana na mambo hayo yanayotendeka katika jamii. Kama tujuavyo fasihi andishi kazi yake ni kuonesha yale yanayotendeka katika jamii, kwa hiyo msanii anaweza kutumia fursa hiyo ili kuweka wazi mambo yanayoendelea katika jamii. Kwa mfano mwandishi naweza kutunga kazi ya kibunifu kuhusu, ufisadi, umasikini, mapenzi, ndoa, maisha yake mwenyewe, ushirikina, jambo lolote analoliamini katika maisha (falsafa yake). Kwa hiyo hatua ya kwanza kwa msanii kabala ya kuandika ni kuelewa vizuri jambo analotaka kuandikia. Pia katika hatua hii msanii anaweza kubuni jina la hadithi yake, pia hii inaweza kumsaidia katika upangaji wa visa na matukio ya hadithi yake.
  • Kuchagua umbo la kazi ya fasihi: Msanii akishapata wazo la kuandika, sasa inambidi achague jinsi atakavyoliwasilisha wazo lake hilo. Yaani anaweza kuchagua endapo aandike hadithi fupi, riwaya au tamthiliya, au ushairi au utenzi. Sasa uchaguzi wa umbo la kazi ya fasihi unategemeana na uwezo wa msanii katika tanzu hizo, kuna mwingine anapenda tamthiliya lakini kuandika riwaya hawezi, kuna mwingine anaona kuandika ushairi ni rahisi na kuna mwingine hawezi. Kwa hiyo ubunifu wa msanii utadhihirika katika utanzu ule anaoumudu vizuri zaidi.
  • Kubaini hadhira: Mwandishi kujua yule anayemwandikia ni suala la msingi sana. Hadhira ipo ya watu wa aina mbalimbali, watoto, watu wazima, wasomi, wenye elimu ndogo, wakulima, wanasiasa n.k. Sasa mwandishi akishabaini hadhira anayoindikia itamsaidia kuteua lugha ya kuandikia, kwa mfano kama ni watoto, hatutegemei mwandishi kutumia lugha ngumu, misemo na nahau nyingi.
  • Kubuni wahusika na mandhari: Mwandshi baada ya kujua kazi yake inahusu nini sasa inambidi abuni wahusika wa hadithi yake. Wahusika wanaweza kuwa ni watu, wanyama, mimea, mazimwi, malaika n.k. Pia ni lazima abaini mazingira ambamo visa vyote vya hadithi na matukio yatakapofanyika. Mandhari yanaweza kuwa baharini, kijijini, mjini, mbinguni, kuzimu n.k
  • Kupanga msuko wa visa na matukio:Msuko wa visa na matukio ni muhimu sana katika usimulizi wa hadithi. Sasa kama mwandishi amaeamua kuwasilisha kazi yake kwa njia ama ya hadithi fupi au riwaya au tamthiliya ni vema ajue namna visa na matukio vitakavyopangwa. Katika kufanya hivi maswali yafuatayo ni muongozo mzuri katika kupangilia ploti: Hadithi yangu itaanzaje? Mgogoro utaanzaje? Ni kati ya nani na nani? Je, kilele cha mgogoro ni nini? Je, ni mhusika mkuu kubakwa na kuambukizwa VVU? Hadithi yangu inaishaje? Je mhusika mkuu ashindwe? Atorokee nje ya nchi? Afungwe? Abadilike Au maadui ndio wafungwe au wafe? Au wabadilike?
  • Kuanza kuandika: Sasa baada ya kupitia hatua hizo zote, mwandishi sasa anaweza kuanza kuandika. Mchakato wa kuandika hua ni mrefu na mwandishi anaweza kujikuta anafuta mara nyingi kile alichokiandika, hii ni kutokana na kwamba mambo mengi ya kuandika huwa yanakuja wakati mwandishi ameanza kuandika kazi husika. Hata hvyo sio vibaya kufanya hivi, hii pia inasaidi kuwa na zao bora la fasihi.
Utungaji wa hadithi
Hadithi ni masimulizi ya kubuni yaliyoandikwa kinathari inaweza kuwa na wahusika wengi, matukio mengi na mandhari mapana (inategemena na aina ya hadithi, iwapo ni hadithi fupi wahusika wake huwa ni wachache na pia matukio ni machache, mandhari yake pia ni finyu). Kuna aina zifuatazo za hadithi kulingana na kigezo cha urefu au maudhui. Kwa kigezo cha urefu kuna Hadithi Fupi na Riwaya. Kutokana na maudhui kuna Riwaya Dhati na Riwaya Pendwa.
Riwaya dhati ni zile zinazozungumzia masuala muhimu ya kijamii, kama vile uonevu wa tabaka la chini, rushwa, uongozi mbovu n.k
Riwaya pendwa ni hadithi zenye lengo la kuburudisha, kutokana na usimuliaji wake uliojaa taharuki na fantasia. Mambo yanayosimuliwa katika riwaya hizi ni yale yanayogusa hisia za watu kwa urahisi kama vile mapenzi, mauaji, ujasusi n.k.
Mikondo ya uandishi wa hadithi
Mkondo wa hadithi ni mwelekeo ambao mwandishi anaufuata katika utunzi wa kazi yake. Mikondo ya utunzi wa hadithi ni pamoja na hii ifuatayo:
  1. Mkondo wa kiwasifu; mkondo huu huhusisha hadithi zote zinazosimulia maisha ya watu. Ni riwaya ambayo inasimulia maisha ya mtu toka alipozaliwa hadi wakati huo.
  2. Mkondo wa kitawasifu; hadithi zinazofuata mkundo huu ni zile zinazosimulia maisha ya mtu binafsi yaani mwandishi mwenyewe. Kwa mfano riwaya ya “maisha yangu baada ya Miaka hamsini”. (S.Robert)
  3. Mkondo wa kihistoria; hadithi katika mkondo huu zinahusu matukio ya kweli ya kihistoria yaliyotokea. Kwa mfano riwaya ya “Uhuru wa Watumwa”
  4. Mkondo wa kipelelezi; hizi ni hadithi zinazozungumzia upelelezi wa uhalifu fulani kama vile ujambazi, wizi, rushwa, mauaji n.k.
  5. Mkondo wa kimapenzi; katika mkondo huu zinaingia riwaya zote zinazozungumzia masuala ya mapenzi.
Utungaji wa hadithi fupi
Kama tulivyokwisha ona hapo nyuma sifa za hadithi fupi, basi katika utungaji wake mambo yafuatayo ni sharti yazingatiwe:
  1. Hadithi fupi inakuwa na mhusika mkuu mmoja ambaye anajitokeza sana kuliko wahusika wengine.
  2. Idadi ya wahusika ni ndogo ukilinganisha na wahusika wa kwenye riwaya.
  3. Mandhari ya hadithi fupi si mapana kama ilivyo katika riwaya
  4. Hadithi fupi inakuwa inaongelea dhamira kuu moja tu ambayo inaonekana toka mwanzo hadi mwisho wa hadithi.

Dhima ya Tamthiliya
Elezea dhima ya tamthiliya
Tamthiliya ni kazi ya fasihi iliyoandikwa kwa lengo la kuonyeshwa jukwaani, ambapo wahusika huzungumza na kutenda vitendo mbalimbali. Tamthiliya huigiza maisha ya kila siku.
Kwa kuwa tamthiliya imeandikwa kwa lengo la kuigizwa huwa imeandikwa na maelezo ya jukwaani, maelezo yanayoonesha nini kifanywe na nani na kwa namna gani. Tamthilya hugawanywa katika maonyesho kama ambavyo riwaya inavyogawanywa katika sura.
Tamthiliya imegawanyika katika aina zifuatazo:
  • Tanzia;ni aina ya tamthiliya ambapo mhusika mkuu/shujaa anapata anguko kubwa au kifo ambacho huwafanya hadhira kuwa na huzuni.
  • Ramsani tamthilia ambayo hulenga kufundisha kwa njia ya kuchekesha ili kuleta ujumbe mzito.
  • Vichekesho/Futuhini aina ya tamthiliya ambayo lengo lake kuu ni kuchekesha kwa kutumia mbinu ya kutia chumvi mambo, kudhihaki na kukejeli.
Utungaji wa Tamthiliya
Tunga tamthiliya
Katika utunzi wa tamthiliya kuna mambo kadhaa ya kuzingatia, mambo hayo ni kama yafuatayo:
  1. Chagua jambo unalotaka kuandikia
  2. Panga namna msuko wa visa na matukioa utakavyokuwa
  3. Buni wahusika wako kulingana na kile unachotaka kukiandika
  4. Chagua mandhari yanayofaa kulingana na visa vyako
  5. Tumia mtindo wa majibizano kati ya wahusika
  6. Gawa tamthiliya katika maonyesho
  7. Weka maelekezo ya jukwaa. Haya huelezea kile kinachotendeka kwa wakati ule. Maelezo ya jukwaa huwa katika maandishi ya italiki.

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.

Multi-choice questions

Things to remember about multi-choice questions

  • Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right. Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong, and three or four others that are similar.  It is important to look carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct  answer.
  • Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
  • Answer all the questions. Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out on a mark.
  • When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.

Short answer questions

Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.

  • Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
  • Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
  • Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
  • Try to answer all the questions.  If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.

Exam essay questions

The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation

Time allocation
  • Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
  • Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
  • If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.
Task analysis
  • Read the question carefully.
  • Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
  • Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?
Planning
  • Take some time to think and plan your answer. For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
    General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning.
  • Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
  • General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point. Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with examples, explanations, and evidence.
Presentation
  • Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
  • Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use.  Incoherent sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker not being able to understand your answer properly.
  • Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling. Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and markers usually take this into account given that students are writing under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
  • Don't waffle. Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.

Problem solving questions

Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.

  • Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
  • Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
  • If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
  • Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.

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