KISWAHILI Form 3 Topic 1

NGELI ZA NOMINO

Kuzielewa ya Ngeli

Upatanishi wa Kisarufi katika Sentensi

Fafanua upatanishi wa kisarufi katika sentensi

Ngeli ni vikundi vya majina ya Kiswahili. Ngeli za nomino ni utaratibu unaotumika kuweka nomino katika matabaka au makundi yanayofanana.

Example 1

Mfano:

1. Maji yakimwagika hayazoleki
2. Mayai yaliyooza yananuka sana
3. Yai lililooza linanuka sana
4. Maji liliomwagika halizoleki

Katika mifano hii tunaona kwamba sentensi a, b na c ziko sahihi wakati sentensi d sio sahihi, hii ni kwa sababu imekiuka upatanisho wa kisarufi. Kwa maana hiyo sentensi ‘a’ ipo katika ngeli ya YA-YA na senthensi b na c zipo katika ngeli ya LI-YA. Sentesi d sio sahihi kwa sababu nomino maji haina wingi, kwa hiyo haiwezi kuingia katika ngeli ya LI-YA. Kwa msingi huu ngeli za nomino huzingatia sana upatanisho wa kisarufi.

Jedwali lifuatalo huonesha ngeli za nomino kwa misingi ya upatanisho wa kisarufi.

NGELI	UFAFANUZI	MIFANO
A-WA	Ngeli hii inahusisha majina ya viumbe hai kama vile wanyama, watu, wadudu, ndege n.k	Sungura mjanja ameumia Sungura wajanja wameumia Mkuu anawasili
LI-YA	Majina yenye kiambaisha awali li- katika umoja na ya- katika wingi huingia katika ngeli hii	Jambia la babu limepotea Majambia ya babu yamepatikana
KI-VI	Ni ngeli ya majina ya vitu visivyo hai, yanayoanza kwa KI- au CH- (umoja); na VI- au VY- (wingi). Pia ngeli hii hujumuisha majina ya vitu vingine katika hali ya udogo k.v, kijito, kilima	Chakula kimekwisha Vyakula vimekwisha Kijito kimekauka Vijito vimekauka
U-I	Huwakilisha majina ya vitu visivyo hai, yaanzayo kwa sauti M- (umoja) na MI(wingi). Pia majina ya baadhi ya viungo vya mwili huingia humu, kewa mfano mkono, mguu, mkia n.k	Mlima umeporomoka Milima imeporomoka Mkono umevunjika Mikono imevunjika Mto huu una mamba wengi Mito hii ina mamba wengi
U-ZI	Hurejelea majina ambayo huanza kwa U- (umoja) na huchukua ZI- kama kiambishi kiwakilishi cha ngeli katika wingi. Majina yenye silabi tatu au zaidi hubadilishwa kwa wingi kwa kutoa sauti /u/' k.v ukuta-kuta. Majina ya silabi mbili huongezewa /ny/ katika wingi. k.v ufa - nyufa	Ukuta umebomoka Kuta zimebomoka Wimbo huu unavutia Nyimbo hizi zinavutia Ufa umeonekana Nyufa zimeonekana
I-ZI	Hutumiwa kwa majina yasiyobadilika kwa umoja wala kwa wingi lakini huchukua viambishi viwakilishi tofauti: I- (umoja) na ZI- (Wingi).	Nyumba imejengwa Nyumba zimejengwa Salam imefika Salam zimefika
U-YA	Ngeli hii inajumuisha nomino ambazo zina kiambishi awali u- katika umoja na ma- katika wingi.	Ukuu umekuponza Makuu yamekuponza Unyoya unapepea Manyoya yanapepea
KU	Majina yanayotokana na vitenzi yanayoanza na ku- (vitenzi-jina)	Kusoma kwako kumekusaidia Kuchelewa kumemponza
PA/MU/KU-	Huonesha mahali	Amekaa pale palipo na wadudu wengi Amelala mule mulimojaa siafu. Amepita kule mbali

Baadhi ya matumizi ya ngeli ni pamoja na haya yafuatayo:

• Hutumika kupanga majina ya lugha katika makundi yaliyoshikamana na kutofungamana kutokana na kigezo muhimu.
• Hutumika kutambulisha maumbo ya umoja na wingi katika majina na vivumishi.
• Hutumika katika upatanishi wa kisarufi katika sentensi.
• Hutumika katika kuonyesha uhusiano uliopo baina ya lugha za Kiswahili na lugha zingine.

Habari zenye Upatanishi wa Kisarufi

Andika habari zenye upatanishi wa kisarufi

Baadhi ya matumizi ya ngeli ni pamoja na haya yafuatayo:

• Hutumika kupanga majina ya lugha katika makundi yaliyoshikamana na kutofungamana kutokana na kigezo muhimu.
• Hutumika kutambulisha maumbo ya umoja na wingi katika majina na vivumishi.
• Hutumika katika upatanishi wa kisarufi katika sentensi.
• Hutumika katika kuonyesha uhusiano uliopo baina ya lugha za Kiswahili na lugha zingine.

• SOMA TOIC 2: Mjengo Wa Tungo

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.

Multi-choice questions

Things to remember about multi-choice questions

• Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right. Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong, and three or four others that are similar.  It is important to look carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct  answer.
• Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
• Answer all the questions. Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out on a mark.
• When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.

Short answer questions

Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.

• Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
• Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
• Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
• Try to answer all the questions.  If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.

Exam essay questions

The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation

Time allocation

• Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
• Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
• If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.

Task analysis

• Read the question carefully.
• Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
• Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?

Planning

• Take some time to think and plan your answer. For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
  General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning.
• Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
• General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point. Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with examples, explanations, and evidence.

Presentation

• Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
• Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use.  Incoherent sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker not being able to understand your answer properly.
• Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling. Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and markers usually take this into account given that students are writing under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
• Don't waffle. Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.

Problem solving questions

Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.

• Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
• Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
• If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
• Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.