FASIHI KWA UJUMLA
Mada hii ni utangulizi tu juu ya fasihi. Katika utangulizi huu utaelewa dhana ya fasihi, utajifunza juu ya kazi za fasihi katika maisha ya mwanadamu. Utajifunza juu ya tanzu (aina) za fasihi kwa ujumla wake. Kisha utajifunza sifa na dhima za kila tanzu ya fasihi kwa umahususi wake na mwisho utaweza kujifunza juu ya tofauti na uhusiano wa tanzu hizo za fasihi.
Dhana ya Fasihi
Elezea dhana ya fasihi
Fasihi; ni sanaa ya lugha inayoshughulikia masuala yanayomhusu binadamu matatizo yake, ndoto zake, matumaini yake, migogoro yake na jinsi anavyoingiliana na mazingira yake. (Wamitila, 2004).
Fasili hii imejaribu kufafanua vizuri kile ambacho fasihi inajihusisha nacho, kimsingi fasihi inajihusisha na wanadamu. Vitu vya msingi tunavyoviona katika fasili hii ni kwamba fasihi ni sanaa, na fasihi inatumia lugha lakini zaidi fasihi inajihusisha na wanadamu.
Dhima za Fasihi katika Jamii
Fafanua dhima za fasihi katika jamii
Dhima za fasihi katika jamii ni pamoja na hizi zifuatazo:
  • Kuburudisha jamii:Pamoja na mambo mengine fasihi inalenga kuburudisha jamii. Kupitia takribani vipera vyake vyote, fasihi huwa na kusudi la kufurahisha, kutumbuiza na kusisimua hadhira, kwa mfano kupitia nyimbo, hadithi, mashairi na kadhalika.
  • Kuelimisha. Fasihi hutumika kama nyenzo ya kuelimisha jamii, kupitia fasihi wanajamii wanaweza kuelimishwa juu ya mambo mabalimbali, kama vile juu ya umuhimu wa kuishi kwa amani, umuhimu wa kijikomboa kifikra, umuhimu wa kujikomboa kiuchumi, ubaya wa ufisadi na kadhalika.
  • Kuonya jamii. Fasihi ina jukumu la kuhakikisha wanajamii wanakaa katika mstari wa maadili ya jamii husika. Kupitia fasihi wanajamii wanapewa mwongozo wa jinsi ya kufuata mwelekeo unaokubalika katika jamii.
  • Kuunganisha jamii. Fasihi huleta watu katika jamii. Watu huunganishwa kupitia kazi mbalimbali za kifasihi, kwa mfano, kupitia nyimbo, miviga, vichekesho na kadhalika.
  • Kukuza lugha.Fasihi hutumia lugha kufikisha ujumbe wake katika jamii, lugha ya fasihi huwa ni ya kisanaa zaidi na hivyo kuifanya iwe yenye mvuto kwa wasikilizaji au wasomaji. Mtu anaposoma au kusikiliza kazi ya fasihi anapata ujuzi wa lugha. Lakini pia fasihi yenyewe inaweza kutumika kama chombo cha kukuza lugha. Wasimulizi na waandishi wa fasihi huhitaji kuwa na utajiri mkubwa wa lugha.
  • Kuhifadhi mila, tamaduni na itikadi za jamii. Kupitia fasihi simulizi, tamaduni na mila za jamii husika huhifadhiwa. Kwa mfano kupitia methali, misemo, nahau na vitendawili unaweza kujua mila na tamaduni za jamii husika.
  • Kukuza uwezo wa kufikiri. Vipera vingi vya fasihi huwachochea hadhira kufikiri sana ili kupata suluhisho. Kwa mfano, vitendawili, ngano za mtanziko na kadhalika.


Kuna tanzu mbili za fasihi, ambazo ni fasihi andishi na fasihi simulizi.
Dhana ya Fasihi Simulizi
Fafanua dhana ya fasihi simulizi
Fasihi Simulizi ni utanzu wa fasihi ambao unawakilisha sanaa ya lugha inayopitishwa kutoka kwa kizazi hadi kizazi kwa njia ya maneno/masimulizi ya mdomo.
Sifa na Dhima za Fasihi Simulizi
Elezea sifa na dhima za fasihi simulizi
Sifa za Fasihi Simulizi
  • Hupitishwa kwa njia ya mdomo
  • Ufanisi wa sanaa katika fasihi simulizi hutegemea uwezo wa msimulizi, au wahusika.
  • Masimulizi yake yanaweza kuathiriwa na mazingira, hisia na hali
  • Ni mali ya jamii. Hakuna mtu fulani anayemiliki sanaa katika fasihi simulizi.
  • Inaweza kubadilika kutoka kizazi hadi kizazi, au mazingira mbalimbali kwa sababu hutegemea kumbukumbu ya msimulizi.
  • Aghalabu huwa na funzo fulan
Dhima za Fasihi Simulizi
  • Kuburudisha - Hufurahisha na kuchangamsha hadhira
  • Kunasihi- kutolea mawaidha na kuonyesha mwelekeo unaotarajiwa katika jamii.
  • Kuelimisha watu kuhusu vitu mbalimbali hasa mazingira yao
  • Kutambulisha jamii - jamii mbalimbali husifika kutokana na sanaa zao katika fasihi simulizi kama vile nyimbo.
  • Kuhifadhi na kudumisha utamaduni wa jamii
  • Kuunganisha watu - huleta watu pamoja
  • Kukuza lugha - fasihi huimarisha lugha kwa kuwa hutumia mbinu mbalimbali za lugha.
  • Kuliwaza - hutoa huzuni na kuleta matumaini.
  • Kupitisha muda - wakati mwingine fasihi simulizi hutumika kupitisha muda.
  • Fasihi simulizi ni chombo cha mawasiliano hususani kupitia ngomezi.
Dhana ya Fasihi Andishi
Fafanua dhana ya fasihi andishi
Fasihi Andishi ni aina ya sanaa ambayo hutumia maneno ya maandishi kupitisha ujumbe kwa hadhira.
Kuna tanzu kuu nne za Fasihi Andishi:
  1. Hadithi Fupi – Hii ni kazi ya fasihi andishi yenye kisa kimoja na mhusika mkuu mmoja na maudhui yake sio changamani.
  2. Riwaya –Ni kazi ya fasihi andishi yenye wahusika wengi na muundo changamani ni ndefu na maudhui yake ni mapana.
  3. Tamthilia- ni kazi ya kisanaa yenye muundo wa kiugizikaji inayowasilishwa katika maandishi.
  4. Mashairi - mashairi yakiwa yamechapishwa pia hutambulika kama fasihi andishi.
Sifa na Dhima za Fasihi Andishi
Elezea sifa na dhima za fasihi andishi
Sifa za Fasihi Andishi
  • Hupitishwa kwa njia ya maandishi
  • Ni mali ya mtu binafsi
  • Haiwezi kubadilishwa papo kwa papo
  • Hutumia mbinu za lugha na mbinu za sanaa katika uwasilishaji wake.
Dhima za Fasihi Andishi
  • Kukuza lugha
  • Kuhifadhi kazi ya sanaa katika maandishi
  • Kuburudisha
  • Kuelimisha
  • Kukashifu tabia zisizoandamana na maadili ya jamii
  • Kuonya, kuelekeza, kunasihi
Tofauti kati ya Fasihi Simulizi na Fasihi Andishi
Onesha tofauti kati ya fasihi andishi na fasihi simulizi
Zifuatazo ni tofauti kati ya Fasihi Simulizi na Fasihi Andishi kama zilivyobainishwa katika jedwali hapa chini:

FASIHI SIMULIZIFASIHI ANDISHI
1.Huwasilishwa kwa njia ya mdomo na/au matendo.Huwasilishwa kwa njia ya maandishi
2.Ni mali ya jamii.Kazi andishi ni mali ya mwandishi (na mchapishaji)
3.Msimulizi anaweza kubadilisha sehemu FulaniKitabu kilichoandikwa hakiwezi kubadilishwa
4.Huhifadhiwa akiliniHuhifadhiwa vitabuni
5.Kazi simulizi hubadilika na wakatiKazi andishi haibadiliki na wakati
6.Huhitaji msimulizi na hadhira yake wawe mahali pamoja wakati wa masimuliziMsomaji anaweza kusoma kitabu cha hadithi peke yake, mahali popote, wakati wowote
7.Mtu yeyote anaweza kutunga na kusimuliaNi lazima mwandishi na msomaji wawe na uwezo wa kusoma
8.Hutumia wahusika changamano (wanyama, watu, mazimwi n.k)Hutumia wahusika wanadamu.

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.

Multi-choice questions

Things to remember about multi-choice questions

  • Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right. Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong, and three or four others that are similar.  It is important to look carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct  answer.
  • Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
  • Answer all the questions. Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out on a mark.
  • When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.

Short answer questions

Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.

  • Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
  • Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
  • Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
  • Try to answer all the questions.  If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.

Exam essay questions

The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation

Time allocation
  • Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
  • Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
  • If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.
Task analysis
  • Read the question carefully.
  • Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
  • Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?
Planning
  • Take some time to think and plan your answer. For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
    General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning.
  • Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
  • General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point. Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with examples, explanations, and evidence.
Presentation
  • Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
  • Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use.  Incoherent sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker not being able to understand your answer properly.
  • Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling. Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and markers usually take this into account given that students are writing under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
  • Don't waffle. Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.

Problem solving questions

Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.

  • Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
  • Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
  • If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
  • Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.

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