Hotuba ni insha ambayo hutoa maneno halisi ya mzungumzaji/kiongozi anapozungumzia hadhira, kuhusu jambo fulani. Insha ya hotuba huandikwa katika hali ya usemi halisi na mwandishi hatakiwi kuweka alama za kunukuu anapoanza insha yake.
Hotuba inaweza kutolewa na kiongozi wa kisiasa, utawala, kidini, kikundi, shirika fulani, daktari, n.k. Hadhira katika hotuba husheheni wageni waalikwa, wanachama, wafuasi, wananchi, n.k ambao wanahusishwa katika mada inayorejelewa katika hotuba hiyo.
Muundo wa Hotuba
Elezea muundo wa hotuba
Hutuba inakuwa na muundo ufuatao:
Risala ni hotuba fupi inayosomwa mbele ya kiongozi kwa niaba ya kundi fulani la watu hasa hasa wanafunzi, wafanyakazi, washiriki, wanachama, mafundi n.k ili kutoa maelezo ya haja zao mbalimbali na mahitaji yao au kuonyesha msimamo wa kundi hilo kwa kiongozi.
Muundo wa Risala
Elezea muundo wa risala
Kumbukumbu za mikutano ni rekodi zinazowekwa na katibu wa mkutano wakati mkutano unapoendelea ili kuhifadhi yanayojadiliwa na kukubaliana katika mkutano huo. Katibu anapaswa kufuatilia mtindo maalum wa kuandika kumbukumbu hizo kulingana na mpangilio katika mkutano.
Mambo ya Kuzingatia katika Uchukuaji wa Kumbukumbu za Mikutano
Elezea mambo ya kuzingatia katika uchukuaji wa kumbukumbu za mikutano
Mambo ya kuzingatia katika uandishi wa kumbukumbu ni kama yafuatayo:
- Kichwa cha kumbukumbu – Kichwa cha kumbukumbu kinapaswa kutaja mambo yafuatayo: Ni mkutano wa akina nani? Unaandaliwa wapi? Unaandaliwa lini? Unaanza saa ngapi? Mfano wa Kichwa cha Kumbukumbu: Kumbukumbu za Mkutano wa Shirika la Msalaba Mwekundu Shuleni ulioandaliwa tarehe saba Agosti 2001 katika Ukumbi wa Mikutano kuanzia saa Tisa alasiri.
- Waliohudhuria – Andika orodha ya wote waliofika kwenye mkutano huku kuanzia na yule mwenye cheo cha juu zaidi hadi kwa wanachama. Pia onyesha vyeo vyao.
- Waliotoa Udhuru -Hawa ni wale walioomba ruhusa kutohudhuria mkutano
- Waliokosa kuhudhuria - Hawa ni waliokosa kuhudhuria mkutano, bila kutoa udhuru)
- Waalikwa - Hawa ni wageni walioalikwa katika mkutano, k.v mlezi wa chama, afisa wa kiutawala, n.k)
- Ajenda -orodhesha hoja zitakazorejelewa katika mkutano huo
Example 3
KUMBUKUMBU ZA MKUTANO WA CHAMA CHA KISWAHILI ULIOANDALIWA KATIKA CHUMBA CHA MIJADALA TAREHE 24 JUNE 2013 KUANZIA SAA TATU ASUBUHI
Waliohudhuria
- Teddy Mbogela – Mwenyekiti
- Vaileth Matiko – Mweka hazina
- Iliashibu Masatu – Mkuu wa utafiti
- Funk Kiduku – mwanachama
- Meta Mkorofi – katibu
Waliotuma Udhuru
- Bahatika Mashauri – Naibu Mwenyekiti
- Ponea Kamgazi – Msimamizi wa Mijadala
Waliokosa Kuhudhuria
- Zebedayo Chisege – Spika
- John Kumbikumbi – mwanachama
Waalikwa
- Mnoko Nokwe – Mwanahabari
- Dkt. Fikirini– Mlezi wa Chama.
Ajenda
- Uchapishaji wa jarida la Kiswahili
- Shindano la kuandika insha.
- Kusajili wanachama wapya
KUMBUKUMBU 3/04/14 – KUFUNGULIWA KWA MKUTANO
Mwenyekiti aliwakaribisha wanachama wote na baada ya kuwatambulisha wageni, akawaomba washiriki wawe huru kuchangia katika ajenda mkutano huu ili kuboresha chama.
KUMBUKUMBU 7/04/14 – KUREJELEA KUMBUKUMBU ZA MKUTANO ULIOPITA
Katibu alisoma kumbukumbu za mkutano wa mwezi Machi. Kumbukumbu zilikubaliwa na wanachama wote na kuthibitishwa na mwenyekiti pamoja na katibu kwa kutia saini.
KUMBUKUMBU 10/04/14 – MASWALA IBUKA KUTOKANA NA KUMBUKUMBU ZILIZOSOMWA
Mweka hazina alifahamisha mkutano kwamba aliongea na mkuu wa idara ya Kiswahili kuhusu ufadhili kama tulivyokuwa tumekubaliana katika KUMB 9/03/10 ya mkutano uliopita.
KUMBUKUMBU 12/04/14 – HAFLA YA KISWAHILI
Iliripotiwa kwamba hafla ya Kiswahili ambayo wanachama walikuwa wamealikwa kuhudhuria katika Shule ya Sakata Academy haingeweza kufanyika kutokana na tamasha la muziki lilizokuwa linaendelea katika shule hiyo. Wanachama waliokuwa wamejitayarisha kwa mashairi waliombwa kuendelea kujifunza ili wayawasilishe muhula wa pili.
KUMBUKUMBU 15/04/14 – UCHAPISHAJI WA JARIDA LA KISWAHILI
Wanachama walikubaliana:
- Kwamba chama kitaanza kuchapisha jarida la Kiswahili
- Kwamba jarida litakuwa likichapishwa mara moja kila muhula na kuuzwa shuleni
- Kwamba kila mwanachama atachangia katika kuandika makala na kuuza nakala za jarida hilo.
- Kwamba paneli ya wahariri lingeundwa ili kuongoza idara ya uchapishaji
- Kwamba hazina ya chama ina fedha za kutosha kuzindua uchapishaji huo.
KUMBUKUMBU 17/04/14 – SHINDANO LA KUANDIKA INSHA
Kila muhula wa pili, chama huandaa shindano la kuandika insha ambalo wanafunzi wote hushiriki. Insha zilizopendekezwa mwaka huu ni:
- “Jadili chanzo cha migomo shuleni na namna ya kusuluhisha.”
- … … … … … … … … …
- … … … … … … … … …
- … … … … … … … … …
Mkutano ulifungwa saa kumi na nusu, baada ya maswala yote kujadiliwa. Mkutano unaofuatia ulipoangwa kuwa tarehe ishirini mwezi Mei, katika Ukumbi wa Muziki.
KUTHIBITISHWA KWA KUMBU KUMBU
______________ | _____________ |
Mwenyekiti | Katibu |
|
Tarehe:________ | Tarehe:________ |
Strategies for answering exam and test questions
Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.
Multi-choice questions
Things to remember about multi-choice questions
- Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right.
Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong,
and three or four others that are similar. It is important to look
carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct answer.
- Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
- Answer all the questions.
Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It
is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out
on a mark.
- When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.
Short answer questions
Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.
- Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
- Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
- Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
- Try to answer all the questions. If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.
Exam essay questions
The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation
Time allocation
- Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
- Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
- If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.
Task analysis
- Read the question carefully.
- Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
- Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?
Planning
- Take some time to think and plan your answer.
For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you
will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make
notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning. - Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
- General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point.
Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic
sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with
examples, explanations, and evidence.
Presentation
- Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
- Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use. Incoherent
sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker
not being able to understand your answer properly.
- Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling.
Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and
markers usually take this into account given that students are writing
under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level
of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and
is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
- Don't waffle.
Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t
waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning
your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.
Problem solving questions
Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.
- Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
- Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
- If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
- Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.
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