UTUNGAJI WA KAZI ZA KIFASIHI
Kazi za fasihi simulizi hazikutokea tu, zilitungwa. Mtu fulani alikaa na akatunga kazi fulani ambayo inajulikana katika jamii. Katika mada hii utajifunza kanuni mbalimbli zinazohusika na utunzi wa kazi za fasihi simulizi. Pia utapata fursa ya kujifunza jinsi ya kutunga kazi mbalimbali za fasihi simulizi kama vile ngonjera, methali , nahau, vitendawili na kazi nyingine. Utajifunza pia kanuni zinazoongoza utunzi wa kila kazi ya fasihi simulizi.
Kanuni za Utungaji wa Mashairi
Fafanua kanuni za utungaji wa mashairi
Uandishi wa kubuni unamtaka mtunzi atumie milango yake ya fahamu kinagaubaga. Kuna milango ya fahamu mitano ambayo ni pamoja na: kuona, kunusa, kusikia, kuhisi, na kuonja.
  • Kuona: je, mhusika unayemfikiria kichwani mwako unamwonaje? Umbo lake ni la kuvutia au kuchusha? Je, macho yake yakoje – je ni ya golori au la? Ni makubwa au madogo? Je, ni mlemavu wa macho?
  • Kunusa: pua zako zinakufanya usikie harufu gani? Je, ni harufu mbaya au nzuri? Je, ni uvundo au marashi? Je, mhusika wako ananuka kikwapa au uturi? Je, ananuka mdomo?
  • Kuhisi: je, unapokaa karibu naye unajihisi nini? Je, unapata mhemko wowote au huhisi chochote? Je, akikupapasa mwilini mwako unajisikia nini? Akikugusa bega unajisikia nini?
  • Kuonja: je, ukiweka kitu hicho mdomoni unaonjaje – ni chungu au tamu? Je, ina pilipili au masala? Je, kuna chumvi au sukari? Je, kitu hicho kina ukakasi au uchachu?
  • Kusikia: je, sauti unayoisikia ikoje? Inamtoa nyoka pangoni? Inakufanya ukose usingizi? Je, ni sauti nzuri au mbaya? Ni nyororo au nzito? Kama ni sauti ya muziki – je, iko chini au juu (kelele)?
Uzoefu wa Mwandishi
Uzoefu ni hali ya kukaa au kujishughulisha na jambo au kitu kwa muda mrefu. Mwandishi ana uzoefu (uzoevu) wa kukabiliana na maisha kwa kiasi gani? Je, ni matatizo gani ambayo umekutana nayo katika maisha yako? Je, ni mafanikio gani umekutana nayo katika maisha yako? Kwa mfano, katika ajali ya MV Spice (2011) kuna baadhi ya watu waliokolewa na magodoro ya Tanzania? Magodoro haya yana nailoni na je kama yasingekuwa na nailoni? Uzoevu/uzoefu wako ukoje?
Uchunguzi/utafiti
Uchunguzi unapaswa ufanywe na mwandishi ili aweze kuandika jambo au tukio bila kuongopa. Kwa kufanya udanganyifu, mwandishi atapoteza imani yake kwa wasomaji wa kazi zake.
Uchunguzi ili ufahamu au ujue mtu, mnyama, mdudu na kadhalika – anatembeaje, anakulaje, analalaje, anaishije, anachekaje, analiaje, anazaaje, anahusianaje na wenzane na mazingira yake? Haya ni maswali muhimu katika kumwezesha mtunzi kufanya utafiti wa kina ili ajue kitu anachotaka kukiandika akiandikaje na akiwasilishaje ili aweze kuikamata hadhira yake.
Mwandishi baada ya kuzingatia mambo haya sasa anaweza kuanza kutunga kazi yake. Hapa sisi tutajikita zaidi katika utunzi wa mashairi. Kabala hatujaenda katika hatua ya utunzi ni muhimu kujua dhana ya shairi kwa ujumla wake, na baada ya hapo tutakuwa tumekwisha pata maarifa yakutosha juu ya mashairi ambayo yatatuwezesha kutunga mashairi.
Dhana ya shairi
Shairi ni kipande cha maandishi kilichopangwa kwa utaratibu katika mistari. Sauti za silabi hufanana zikiwa kati au mwisho mwa mstari. Maandishi hayo yakisomwa huleta ujumbe na hisia fulani ya kimaisha.
Mpango wa maneno ya shairi, ambao huweza kuimbwa hutoa picha wazi, maana halisi na burudani ya kimuziki. Nyimbo nyingi za makabila zimepangiliwa kishairi ijapokuwa hazikuandikwa.
Mashairi yana umbo ambalo huonekana kwa mpangilio wa sauti na idadi ya maneno katika mistari. Umbo hili hutofautisha shairi na tenzi. Kuna mambo kadhaa yanayotakiwa kufahamika kuhusu shairi, nayo ni:
  1. Beti – Kifungu kimoja cha shairi ambacho kina uzani sawa.
  2. Vina – Ni mwisho wa mistari ambayo huwa na silabi zenye sauti ileile mwishoni mwa sentensi.
  3. Mizani – Ni idadi zilizo sawa za silabi katika kila mstari, ubeti hadi ubeti.
  4. Kituo – Huu ni mstari wa mwisho wa ubeti. Kuna vituo vya aina tatu:Kituo cha bahari – ni mstari unaotoka mwanzo hadi mwisho bila kubadilika katika kila ubeti;Kituo cha kimalizio – ni kituo ambacho mstari wa mwisho maneno yake hubadilika ubeti hadi ubeti;Kituo nusu bahari – ni mstari wa mwisho ambao maneno yake nusu hubadilika na nusu hubaki kama ulivyo ubeti hadi ubeti.
Katika mashairi (ya kimapokeo), kila mstari lazima uwe umekamilika na ubeti uwe na maana kamili.
Vipengele vya fani katika mashairi
Vipengele vya fani katika shairi ni pamoja na:
  • Jina / anwani
  • Mandhari
  • Wahusika
  • Muundo –tathnia, tathlitha, tarbia, tathamisa, sabilia n.k
  • Mtindo – pindu, msisitizo, beti kubadilishana vina, kurudiwa kipande kizima cha mstari wa mwisho kikiwa ni chanzo cha ubeti unaofuatia.
Vipengele vya Maudhui kati mashairi
  • Vipengele vya maudhui ni pamoja na: migogoro, ujumbe, falsafa, msimamo, mtazamo, na dhamira za mwandishi.
  • Matumizi ya ushairi ni pamoja na: kuomboleza, kubembeleza, kuliwaza, kufundisha, kuburudisha, kukosoa, na kadharika.
Baada ya hapa sasa unaweza kuanza kutunga shairi lako la kwanza.
Kuigiza Ngonjera
Igiza ngonjera
Katika kuigiza ngonjera muigizaji hana budi kuzingatia fani yenye kanuni zifuatazo; mtindo wa mashairi ya kimapokeo, muundo wa mashairi ya kimapokeo wenye mizani, vina, vipande, mishororo na beti, kuteua mandhari kutegemeana na mada, kuwepo kwa wahusika wawili au zaidi au makundi mawili au zaidi na matumizi ya lugha ya kishairi.


Kanuni za Utungaji wa Maigizo
Elezea kanuni za utungaji wa maigizo
Maigizo ni tendo la kuiga sura, tabia, matendo na mazungumzo ya watu au viumbe wengine yaani kuiga jinsi walivyoumbwa, wanavyotembea, wanavyovaa, wanavyosema n.k
Kanuni na hatua za kutunga maigizo
  1. Kuchagua wazo, tendo, visa au tukio la kuigizwa:Ni lazima jambo hilo liwe na uzito, umuhimu au athari fulani katika jamii. Matukio hubainika kutokana na utafiti. Matukio yanayoweza kuwa kiini cha kutungiwa maigizo ni kama vile matumizi mabaya ya simu za mkononi, mitindo ya mavazi, madhara ya uganga wa kienyeji, madhara ya UKIMWI n.k.
  2. Kuchagua muktadha au mahali pa kutendeka kwa jambo:Muktadha waweza kuwa ofisini, shuleni, kijijini, mjini, barabarani, kwenye daladala n.k
  3. Kuamua mtindo wa kuwasilisha jambo la kuigizwa:Hapa mtunzi anaweza kutumia fumbo, vichekesho, historia, tanzia n.k. Inashauriwa mtunzi kuchanganya mbinu ili kuongeza mvuto.
  4. Kupanga hoja kuu zinazojenga maudhui ya igizo:Maudhui hujikita katika migogoro au mivutano. Suluhisho la mivutano hupatikana pale migogoro inapofikia kilele. Kwa mfano jamabazi sugu anapokamatwa.
  5. Kuweka mpangilio wa maonyesho:Maonyesho hujumuisha vitendo na hoja zinazokamilisha sehemu inayobeba aina moja au zaidi ya maudhui. Sehemu kadhaa nazo hukaa zikajenga kitendo ambacho hubeba jambo mojawapo muhimu. Katika migawanyo hii yapasa mtunzi atunge kauli na vitendo vinavyoandamana navyo.
  6. Kubuni wahusika na kuweka aina au idadi yao kulingana na matukio:Mtunzi anashauriwa kutumia wahusika wanaohitilafiana. Kwa mfano wazee, vijana, wanawake, wanaume, wanene, wafupi n.k. Mtunzi akishawateua anaweza kuwatungia kauli na zamu za matendo katika sehemu mbalimbali.
  7. Ni muhimu pia kwa mtunzi kuwaumba wahusika wake na kuamua maleba yao:Uamuzi huu yapasa ufanywe kwa kuzingatia mazingira. Kwa mfano siku hizi sio lazima wahusika wazee kuvaa ngozi, kutumia mkongojo na kuvuta mtemba.
  8. Urefu wa maigizo ni suala la kuamliwa kutegemea tukio
  9. Kutunga maelezo kuhusu mandhari:Maumbile ya wahusika na vitendo vyao, ni muhimu kuelezwa katika mabano.
  10. Kuandika maigizo na kuhariri:Ni muhimu kutumia lugha ya kimazungumzo inayovutia, yenye kuleta taharuki na yenye utamu unaoeleza maadili kwa mnato.

Strategies for answering exam and test questions

Click on the accordions below to see more information about how best to tackle the following question types in your exam.

Multi-choice questions

Things to remember about multi-choice questions

  • Read through the options and try to eliminate the ones that aren’t right. Multi-choice questions usually have one option that is obviously wrong, and three or four others that are similar.  It is important to look carefully at how they are worded in order to select the correct  answer.
  • Don’t struggle over a question. Do all of the easy questions first and come back to harder ones later to maximise efficient use of test/exam time.
  • Answer all the questions. Even if you are not sure, your educated guess may well be correct. It is better to have a go at answering a question than potentially miss out on a mark.
  • When you check back through your paper and think an answer is wrong - change the answer. Research indicates that you will probably be correct in doing so.

Short answer questions

Short answer questions range from a sentence or two through to a paragraph in length.

  • Keep to the point. Short answers are usually two-three sentences.
  • Main ideas. Your answers should incorporate the key points, words, ideas and phrases the marker will be looking for.
  • Leave one or two lines after each answer. This is so you can add important points later on.
  • Try to answer all the questions.  If you don’t know the complete answer, put down what you do know, as this is likely to get you some marks.

Exam essay questions

The advice here is in four parts: Time allocation | Task analysis | Planning | Presentation

Time allocation
  • Use the reading time at the start of the exam to choose which essay questions you will answer.
  • Check how much time you might have to answer each essay question, and stick to it. You can come back and add more to your answer in your revision time at the end of the exam session.
  • If you haven’t finished your answer, jot down the rest in note form. This will show the marker what you know, and you might get some marks for it.
Task analysis
  • Read the question carefully.
  • Underline or highlight the content words. What is the topic?
  • Pick out the instruction words in the question, e.g. identify, describe, compare and contrast, evaluate. What are you being asked to do with the topic?
Planning
  • Take some time to think and plan your answer. For example: use the reading time to select which essay questions you will answer. Then use the start of the writing time (5-20mins) to make notes of all the points you remember that are relevant to the essay.
    General guide for timing: for 30 minutes of writing, allow 5-7 minutes for planning.
  • Plan out the structure by organising your points into a logical order:e.g. by numbering them according to intended sequence.
  • General writing rule for exam essays - one paragraph = one point. Follow standard essay-writing procedure, e.g. start with a topic sentence that contains your key point, and then support this with examples, explanations, and evidence.
Presentation
  • Make sure your handwriting is legible. Markers should not have to decipher your handwriting. If your handwriting is illegible, it could compromise your marks.
  • Make sure that you can express ideas effectively in terms of sentence structure and word use.  Incoherent sentences and incorrect terminology will likely result in the marker not being able to understand your answer properly.
  • Don’t worry too much about punctuation, grammar and spelling. Getting your ideas down is more important than ‘perfect’ writing (and markers usually take this into account given that students are writing under pressure in an exam situation). However, you do need a basic level of competency in these areas: an answer that lacks any punctuation and is full of spelling mistakes will probably be incoherent for the marker.
  • Don't waffle. Get straight to the point in terms of your answer so that you don’t waste time and word space on unessential or irrelevant detail. Planning your essay beforehand is key to avoiding waffle.

Problem solving questions

Usually these types of questions target formulae, steps in a process, or rules.

  • Make sure you write down relevant formulas, equations, and rules. Important: For numerical problems involving computation, make sure you include the appropriate mathematical units in your final answer (e.g. ml, m/sec).
  • Clearly show the steps you have taken in working out the answers.
  • If necessary, write notes to explain your answers.
  • Do the easier answers first, and return to the difficult ones later.

logoblog

1 comment:

Copyright © School Base-Online. All rights reserved. All rights reserved by e-SBO.